Cameras and sensors

Cameras and sensors can be added to the player vehicle by defining them in the settings sent by the client on every new episode. This can be done either by filling a CarlaSettings Python class (client_example.py) or by loading an INI settings file (CARLA Settings example).

This document describes the details of the different cameras/sensors currently available as well as the resulting images produced by them.

Although we plan to extend the sensor suite of CARLA in the near future, at the moment there are four different sensors available.

• Camera: Scene final
• Camera: Depth map
• Camera: Semantic segmentation
• Ray-cast based lidar

There is a fourth post-processing effect available for cameras, None, which provides a view with of the scene with no effect, not even scene lighting; we will skip this one in the following descriptions.

We provide a tool to convert raw depth and semantic segmentation images in bulk to a more human readable palette of colors. It can be found at "Util/ImageConverter". Alternatively, they can also be converted using the functions at carla.image_converter Python module.

Note that all the sensor data comes with a frame number stamp, this frame number matches the one received in the measurements. This is especially useful for running the simulator in asynchronous mode and synchronize sensor data on the client side.

Camera: Scene final

The "scene final" camera provides a view of the scene after applying some post-processing effects to create a more realistic feel. These are actually stored in the Level, in an actor called PostProcessVolume and not in the Camera. We use the following post process effects:

• Vignette Darkens the border of the screen.
• Grain jitter Adds a bit of noise to the render.
• Bloom Intense lights burn the area around them.
• Auto exposure Modifies the image gamma to simulate the eye adaptation to darker or brighter areas.
• Lens flares Simulates the reflection of bright objects on the lens.
• Depth of field Blurs objects near or very far away of the camera.

Python

camera = carla.sensor.Camera('MyCamera', PostProcessing='SceneFinal')
camera.set(FOV=90.0)
camera.set_image_size(800, 600)
camera.set_position(x=0.30, y=0, z=1.30)
camera.set_rotation(pitch=0, yaw=0, roll=0)

carla_settings.add_sensor(camera)

CarlaSettings.ini

[CARLA/Sensor/MyCamera]
SensorType=CAMERA
PostProcessing=SceneFinal
ImageSizeX=800
ImageSizeY=600
FOV=90
PositionX=0.30
PositionY=0
PositionZ=1.30
RotationPitch=0
RotationRoll=0
RotationYaw=0

Camera: Depth map

The "depth map" camera provides an image with 24 bit floating precision point codified in the 3 channels of the RGB color space. The order from less to more significant bytes is R -> G -> B.

R	G	B	int24
00000000	00000000	00000000	0	min (near)
11111111	11111111	11111111	16777215	max (far)

Our max render distance (far) is 1km.

1. To decodify our depth first we get the int24.

   R + G*256 + B*256*256
   

2. Then normalize it in the range [0, 1].

   Ans / ( 256*256*256 - 1 )
   

3. And finally multiply for the units that we want to get. We have set the far plane at 1000 metres.

   Ans * far
   

The generated "depth map" images are usually converted to a logarithmic grayscale for display. A point cloud can also be extracted from depth images as seen in "PythonClient/point_cloud_example.py".

Python

camera = carla.sensor.Camera('MyCamera', PostProcessing='Depth')
camera.set(FOV=90.0)
camera.set_image_size(800, 600)
camera.set_position(x=0.30, y=0, z=1.30)
camera.set_rotation(pitch=0, yaw=0, roll=0)

carla_settings.add_sensor(camera)

CarlaSettings.ini

[CARLA/Sensor/MyCamera]
SensorType=CAMERA
PostProcessing=Depth
ImageSizeX=800
ImageSizeY=600
FOV=90
PositionX=0.30
PositionY=0
PositionZ=1.30
RotationPitch=0
RotationRoll=0
RotationYaw=0

Camera: Semantic segmentation

The "semantic segmentation" camera classifies every object in the view by displaying it in a different color according to the object class. E.g., pedestrians appear in a different color than vehicles.

The server provides an image with the tag information encoded in the red channel. A pixel with a red value of x displays an object with tag x. The following tags are currently available

Value	Tag
0	None
1	Buildings
2	Fences
3	Other
4	Pedestrians
5	Poles
6	RoadLines
7	Roads
8	Sidewalks
9	Vegetation
10	Vehicles
11	Walls
12	TrafficSigns

This is implemented by tagging every object in the scene before hand (either at begin play or on spawn). The objects are classified by their relative file path in the project. E.g., every mesh stored in the "Unreal/CarlaUE4/Content/Static/Pedestrians" folder it's tagged as pedestrian.

Python

camera = carla.sensor.Camera('MyCamera', PostProcessing='SemanticSegmentation')
camera.set(FOV=90.0)
camera.set_image_size(800, 600)
camera.set_position(x=0.30, y=0, z=1.30)
camera.set_rotation(pitch=0, yaw=0, roll=0)

carla_settings.add_sensor(camera)

CarlaSettings.ini

[CARLA/Sensor/MyCamera]
SensorType=CAMERA
PostProcessing=SemanticSegmentation
ImageSizeX=800
ImageSizeY=600
FOV=90
PositionX=0.30
PositionY=0
PositionZ=1.30
RotationPitch=0
RotationRoll=0
RotationYaw=0

Ray-cast based Lidar

A rotating Lidar implemented with ray-casting. The points are computed by adding a laser for each channel distributed in the vertical FOV, then the rotation is simulated computing the horizontal angle that the Lidar rotated this frame, and doing a ray-cast for each point that each laser was supposed to generate this frame; PointsPerSecond / (FPS * Channels).

Each frame the server sends a packet with all the points generated during a 1/FPS interval. During the interval the physics wasn’t updated so all the points in a packet reflect the same "static picture" of the scene.

The received LidarMeasurement object contains the following information

Key	Type	Description
horizontal_angle	float	Angle in XY plane of the lidar this frame (in degrees).
channels	uint32	Number of channels (lasers) of the lidar.
point_count_by_channel	uint32	Number of points per channel captured this frame.
point_cloud	PointCloud	Captured points this frame.

Python

lidar = carla.sensor.Lidar('MyLidar')
lidar.set(
    Channels=32,
    Range=50,
    PointsPerSecond=100000,
    RotationFrequency=10,
    UpperFovLimit=10,
    LowerFovLimit=-30)
lidar.set_position(x=0, y=0, z=1.40)
lidar.set_rotation(pitch=0, yaw=0, roll=0)

carla_settings.add_sensor(lidar)

CarlaSettings.ini

[CARLA/Sensor/MyLidar]
SensorType=LIDAR_RAY_CAST
Channels=32
Range=50
PointsPerSecond=100000
RotationFrequency=10
UpperFOVLimit=10
LowerFOVLimit=-30
PositionX=0
PositionY=0
PositionZ=1.40
RotationPitch=0
RotationYaw=0
RotationRoll=0